Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition

Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition Introduction: The main topic of this study is to see if the age in which a child immigrates to America has any affect on their relationship with English. The authors tested native Korean speakers, all of whom moved to the United States at various ages on their understanding of English syntax and phonology. They were testing them to see if the critical period hypothesis stands. The critical period hypothesis rests on the belief that as a person matures, their brain begins to become lessÂÂ   plastic, and as the brain loses neural plasticity, it also loses its second language learning ability.ÂÂ   (Scovel, 1988; Patkowski, 1980, 1990). However, others believe that second language learning ability is related to how often the second language is actually implemented into conversations (Oyama, 1979; Flege, 1987, 1988, 1995, 1998b; Bialystok, 1997). The authors are trying to see which of these two theories are valid; the maturational theory or the interactive theory. While bot h theories have yielded supporting evidence, there is not enough data to know which theory is more valid. Also, it is difficult to test the critical period theory because there can be multiple factors contributing to why a child is unable to acquire language past a certain age. The authors hypothesis is that age of arrival does have an affect on the relationship they will have with English as their second language. Methods: The authors tested 240 native Korean speakers. All of these people had immigrated to America between the ages of 1 and 3, and had lived in America for at least 8 years. Their age at the time of testing ranged from 17 to 47 years old. There were also 24 native English speakers in the study, and their ages ranged from 20-45. They used the discontinuity theory for this study. The discontinuity theory is the idea that development occurs in a series of distinct stages rather than gradually in a continuous process. The participants were split into 10 groups based o n their age of arrival to the United States. Most of the participants completed high school in the United States, and many also went on to higher education in the US as well. Participants were tested on an individual basis by bilingual Korean-English research assistants in an hour and a half study session. The participants were asked to repeat English sentences that were later examined by 22.05 kHz where they were normalized for peak intensity. They were thenÂÂ   judged by native English speakers for degree of foreign accent by having them rate the sentences on a scale 1-9 from strong foreign accent to no accent. Now to test their morphosyntax, the participants were asked to take a 144 item grammaticality judgement test. In the test, they had a recording of a man speaking both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences, and the participants had to judge which were grammatical, and which were not. These were the two methods used to test if age of arrival had any effect on the relat ionship of learning English as a second language. Discussion: The aim of this study was to see if the age in which a person moved to the United States had any impact on their relationship with learning English as a second language. In the study, the authors tested 240 Native Korean speakers to see if their age of arrival affected the way they learned English as their second language. They were tested on their phonology by examining their accent for degree of foreign accent as well as their understanding of English morphology by having the participants take a 144 item grammaticality judgment test. The results showed that age of arrival had more of an impact on the participants morphosyntactic understanding compared to their phonological understanding. Based off the data, we could conclude that age of arrival definitely affects a persons relationship with learning English as a second language. This finding definitely supports the idea that a critical period exists when it comes to learning a second language. One problem with the study is that it does not explain why morphosyntactic understanding was affected more than phonological understanding. There could be a number of reasons contributing to this, and it is still unknown exactly why this is the case. I think that this study really helped to prove that there is a correlation between the age of arrival and ability to pick up a second language. However, more research needs to be conducted in order to understand exactly what factors are causing difficulties to arise in being able to learn a second language after a certain age. Also, more research could be done to find out exactly what age it is that second language learning ability starts to decrease. References: Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language , 41, 78-104

Temperature Monitor Simulation Using LabVIEW Lab Report

Temperature Monitor Simulation Using LabVIEW - Lab Report Example An Alarm LED was added that is activated when the temperature signal is more than a threshold level selected using a Vertical Pointer slide. This system can be tested by pressing the Run button (arrow icon), but the data generated will not be very useful. A While Loop function was added to keep the program running until a Stop button is pressed. This way, a meaningful graphical data (temperature vs. time) will be displayed at the Waveform Chart. The results of the experiment showed that LabVIEW can be used to simulate simple circuits like a temperature monitor. The temperature signal can be generated and monitored inside LabVIEW, so as the output results. Added functionalities like unit conversion and alarm activations can also be simulated. In the previous experiment, an internal temperature signal was generated using a virtual Dial software. In this experiment, the temperature signal will be provided by an external power source. The previous block diagram was used but edited to replace the internal temperature source with an external source. The output results were observed using a Waveform Chart. As can be seen in the Fig. 2, the internal temperature signal source was replaced with the DAQ (PCI-6025E Data Acquisition Card) that is connected to a DC power supply with variable voltage output control. Varying this voltage simulated an incoming temperature signal. The signal was also passed through Multiply and Add functions to convert it from a Celsius value to a Farenheit equivalent. A Waveform Chart was used to display temperature variation with time. An Alarm LED was added that is activated when the temperature signal is more than a threshold level selected using a Vertical Pointer slide. This system was also tested by pressing the Run button (arrow icon) and using the While Loop function to keep the program running until a Stop button is pressed. This way, a meaningful graphical data (temperature vs. time) was displayed on the Waveform Chart. Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that LabVIEW can be used to simulate circuits like a temperature monitor that uses external source. This external source can be controlled and monitored by LabVIEW. As in the previous experiment, added functionalities like unit conversion and alarm activations can also be simulated. Fig. 2 DAQ used as interface for external signal

Fashion business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion business management - Essay Example Owing to the complex dynamisms of the fashion industry, many investors have steered clear of this investment, considering it as a high risk venture, which is only given consideration by companies at later stages of their development and growth, while only very few, most predominantly individual-based ventures, are engaged in the fashion business as start-ups (Giacobello, 2000 p44). To this end, it becomes significantly essential for any individual interested in the fashion business to commit themselves to understanding all the dynamics associated with the industry, before any engagement, either as investors or managers of fashion businesses. Therefore, this discussion seeks to analyze fashion business management, with a view to establishing the sourcing strategies, as well as the cultural considerations that requires to be made, for the fashion businesses that seek to operate within the global market place. The cardinal rule for any business has always been to know the customer (Blaszczyk, 2008 p23). This rule serves to guide business in the manner of operations, requiring that the sole reason for which a business is established is to serve its customers, through understanding their needs and satisfying them. Thus, for a fashion business, the sourcing strategies are pegged on the needs of the customers, which has to do with the quality that the customers are interested in, the range of prices they can afford and able to pay for the fashion products, as well as the time within which the customers need to be supplied with the products (Gale & Kaur, 2004 p18). Thus, to fulfill the above customer requirements, a fashion business merchandiser require applying the following strategies: The fashion business is characterized by demand fluctuations, where a certain type or style of apparels or clothing could be highly demanded in a certain season, and later the demand for the same turns to be very low (Han, 2003 p33). Thus, owing to the

Essay --

Brielle Weyandt English 10 Honors Harding 18 December 2013 Miracle at Philadelphia Many factors affect the strength of a nation’s government, but one in particular created the foundation for a country hundreds of years afterwards. The Constitutional Convention occurred in Philadelphia during the hot, humid summer of 1787, at a Philadelphian state house. Delegates from twelve of thirteen states all convened to create the Constitution that would become the supreme law of the nation, and would let power fall in the hands of the people. The author of Miracle at Philadelphia, Catherine Drinker Bowen, narrates the trials and contributions of delegates from the developing states that eventually built a bustling nation of liberty and freedom. Those four months spent in one room calmly debating how to improve the government is arguably the most important moment in American history. After claiming independence from Great Britain, America had a tremulous start with thirteen states governing themselves using the Articles of Confederation and therefore not united under one whole government that set and regulated tax and commerce. With the states usually arguing and not providing financial support to the government, Shay’s Rebellion had begun in Massachusetts, urged by farmers, in protest of the tax collections and economic chaos. Without the political unrest caused by that one event, the future of America would have turned out differently; it would likely have been that the states would have plunged into massive debt and lost the freedoms achieved after the American Revolution. Afterwards, people had urged the creation of an effective government to support them, thus creating the Constitutional Convention. At the Convention, fifty-five delega... ..., fought over the threatening of liberties and failure to protect an individual’s unalienable rights. Before the Anti-Federalists were appeased twelve states had ratified the Constitution, which allowed for the new government to take effect. The government went officially into effect March 4, 1789 with its first Congressional meeting and election and inauguration of George Washington as the President. However, states still wanted a list of rights written into the Constitution. The resulting ten of the proposed amendments gained ratification and inclusion into the Constitution, later to be enacted and provided to citizens of the United States. For many, the Constitution is the document meant too symbolize the freedom and liberty associated with America; over the course of a few years the most important aspects of a nation were created that still affect generations.

Origins and Significance

Among the elements of theatre, the costume is perhaps the actor’s most intimate physical tool during his performance. It completes the actor’s character, depicting his age, gender role, profession, social class, personality, from which he could draw more depth into his performance. And without the actor or narrator verbalizing it, the costume gives information as to the period/era, geographic location, season or weather, and time of day of the performance, thus making the costume an integral part of an entire production.In addition, the costume helps establish relationships between characters (mother and daughter, or servant and master, for example) and illustrate a character’s emotional state, as in Chekov’s The Seagull where Masha wears black to reflect her melancholy (Baranger, 2006). Sceno:graphy, a theatre design website, expounds on costumes in theatre as â€Å"the final jigsaw in a complex character,† further detailing that it â€Å"is the p ersonal expression of a character and within the world of a story it can also be used to create the collage that becomes theatrical design.The role of costume takes on greater meanings depending on the performance†¦ but also becomes part of the theatrical ‘picture. ’† The idea of using costumes in theatre can be traced from the ancient Greek times, with only the actor, manager, director, or wardrobe person was responsible for clothing worn on stage giving little attention to the unity of visual elements (Baranger, 2006). The use of costumes did not originate in just one place, however. In the different parts of the world where theatre is a significant part of the culture, costumes were used to identify the good from the evil, the human from the spirit or animal.Often, masks completed the costumes. In Ancient Greek drama, the actors wore large masks with exaggerated expressions. These masks fell into two general categories: tragic and comic. In Rome, masks wer e used in comedy and pantomime. During Renaissance, the commedia dell’arte made extravagant use of half masks covering the eyes and nose were used (Encarta, 2006). In old Asia, where the traditional pageants employed shiny and colorful costumes to portray the royalty, masks were required to represent the kings, princesses and grotesque characters.Japan has various and unique types of costumes, sometimes depending on the kind of theatre. In the No theatre, the costumes were intricate, formal and imaginative, usually bold in color and design, and made for a certain actor, and each had specific rules to follow. Kabuki costumes, on the other hand used big wigs and many different types of mask styles to match the character (Thinkquest, 2006). In Japanese theatre, color was used a lot to depict the emotions of a character: red for passion and super human power, blue for jealousy and fearfulness (Thinkquest, 2006), and so on.In Peking Opera, the actors wear long cuffs called water s leeves which they flick about to express emotions; warriors are identified by their heavily embroidered satin coats (Fisher, 2007). In India, several types of dance-dramas exist, the most popular of which is the kathakali, of which plots come from the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The performers wear brightly colored makeup in symbolic patterns and beards made of paper, and costumes comprised of layered wide skirts and disk-shaped headdresses (Fisher, 2007).Ancient Roman actors, on the other hand, developed a kind of code that would tell the audience about the character just by looking at them: a black wig meant the character was a young man, gray meant he was an old man, red wig meant the character was slave; a white robe meant the character was an old man, a purple robe meant he was a young man. Color, in the modern theatre, is also used to illustrate moods: black means depressing or evil’ white is purity, red is passion or anger, blue is cool and tranquil, magen ta means royalty, green is peace and hope (Richardson, 1996).The role of costume in the modern theatre has not changed so much in the overall impact of a production. References Barranger, M. S. (2006). Theater. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Mask. (2006). Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Richardson, S. (1996). WPI Technical Theatre Handbook. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://www. gweep. net/~prefect/pubs/iqp/technical_theatre_handbook. pdf. Scenography. Costume Design. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://www. sceno. org/articles/costume-design/ Sorgenfrei, C. F. (2006). Asian Theater.Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Theatrical Costume. (2006). Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Thinkquest. (2006). Japanese Theatre Costumes. Retrieved November 8, from http://library. thinkquest. org/05aug/00717/pages/costumes. ht ml Wikipedia. Costumes. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Costumes. Wikipedia. Costume Design. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Costume_designer Wikipedia. History of Theatre. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_theatre

I Have A Registered Nurse - 877 Words

I have been a Registered Nurse for over thirty-three years, nursing is my passion. I personally would like to continue to work as a nurse, until I am no longer physically or mentally able to. I am a sixty-five years old woman, working as a bedside nurse in a community hospital. I do not imagine myself doing anything else, but to continue to work as a registered nurse. I remain a very active person in my personal life and at work. My age has not slowed me down at all, and I continue to work effectively. However, lately at work, I have noticed that management have not offered or considered me for promotion because they are being offered only to the younger nurses. Also, I have noticed that patients’ assignments have been easier than usual. Some younger nurses are making comments that the older nurses get, the easier assignment because we are old and unable to handle it. Furthermore, I have noticed that several of new hires are new grads or very young nurses and my hours are bein g cut. The rumors are that the new hires are going to replace the older nurses that should be retiring soon. Lastly, I am constantly being asked by the younger supervisors, when will I be retiring or taking a vacation. I am currently facing age discrimination at work. Age Discrimination in the Workplace To improve my situation of discrimination, I began to research my rights. According to Hillier and Barrow (2011), The 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits the following: failing to hire aShow MoreRelated The Profession of Registered Nursing Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagespeople that help maintain our health status. Registered nurses are one of these important professional people that take care of the sick and maintain health all around the world and in our community. Registered nurses also work to prevent disease , to educate the public about health issues , to enhance public health , and to help support ill patients both physically and mentally. 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Biomedical Engineering And A Brave New World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1127 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Brave New World Essay Did you like this example? Describe the methods of biological engineering envisioned by Huxley In A Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley, a dramatic twist of biological engineering is introduced. The book drops the reader off in the middle of one of the most obvious ones, The Hatchery. This method of biological engineering is envisioned by Huxley to be a way to sort out different varieties of identical humans. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Biomedical Engineering And A Brave New World" essay for you Create order The way this works is by removing the ovaries from the women in the society and incubating them artificially. The eggs are then replicated and separated so they develop differently, and with different abilities. The babies will be born and made into ranges of superiority, ranging from Alpha to Epsilon. The lower of the five, gamma, delta, and epsilon are then replicated into 96 replicas. The way in which these embryos are created differently is through a brutal womb simulation in which they are shocked and divided which weakens them. The Alphas and Betas are left perfectly sound to grow normally and stronger. When its time for the embryos to be born, the Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon suffer the trauma of lack of oxygen and alcohol interference. These allow for the children to be guaranteed to have learning blocks, lack of capability, and defects. This type of unnatural birth simulation has other factors that prepare these babies for their unescapable social destiny (Huxley, 16). Aside from the actual formation of these babies, the way they are raised in early childhood allows for them to develop and adapt to conditions that simulate the living conditions they will be put into, not just to make them adapted but to allow them to learn to enjoy this environment. To explain briefly, this is an extreme case of genetic engineering that not just creates a specific form of a child, but adds to the formulation of the ideal society, which is only ideal to the creator of the social system, Henry Ford. Assess the social and poli tical criticisms that Huxley was leveling in his dystopian novel In the brilliant dystopian novel, theres a variety of characters who develop at different paces, living a life that is predetermined for them. In this novel, there is a character named Bernard, an Alpha who finds himself feeling depressed because of the reality of this world. Early on in the novel, Bernard is offered Soma which is a drug that allows the characters to erase their negative feelings and enjoy a high like feeling where theyre surrounded by positivity. This initially poses a deeper theme to the readers, which is essentially the idea that Soma is like medication in a society that never fixes a person of their mental issues, but rather pushes them off and covers them up for temporary happiness. As I reflect on society it becomes clear that it is mimicking out society that doesnt advertise therapy but instead advertises vacations, toys, gadgets, and the newest iPhone. This sort of mindset stigmatizes therapy into a category of things for crazy people. It is almost as if we are being told to keep working hard for CEOs and to avoid our mental health so we dont quit our jobs. This is only one of many criticisms displa yed in Brave New World. Another pressing criticism presented is the different viewpoints of the characters. There are those who are living the life intended by Ford, mindless, classically conditioned work, and there are those living with the knowledge of the truth behind their existence. John and Bernard are some of those who know the truth in their society. As they begin to see the truth in society, they begin to feel angry and depressed. Due to their newfound knowledge, they are banished to islands so they dont disrupt the flow of society. This poses the question of it is better to live blissfully ignorant or unaware and depressed. In our society, we have many people who are politically aware and are constantly fighting. This fight can be exhausting and depressing, while those who are blissfully unaware of the pain of politics live a sheltered life. This novel is a strong reminder that while there are two sides to every story, no matter how drastic they may seem, they need to be taken into careful consideration. Discuss your own vision of genetic engineering in the future It is 2018, and it seems that every day the media has a new idea for how to perfect the human body, whether it be with makeup, fat removal surgery, or plastic surgery. It seems that with these post birth changes that the average human is still never satisfied with the ir body or abilities. Although this is already somewhat in the works, I believe that in the future, genetic engineering will be available for a developing fetus. Although there are many flaws such as money determining the future of a childs health, the ideal benefit would be to be able to eliminate deadly diseases, defects, and life-threatening issues to a child before they are born. If we were able to detect and genetically modify a child so they could be free of life-threatening problems, there would be a healthier community, allowing us to focus more on improving our physical and mental health. There are some issues that arise from this though, the first being that if a child is born and find out their parent eliminated something like autism, the child may wonder would my parents have loved me if I was autistic?, leading to a very depressing life. The second issue that is proposed is the fact that science is always evolving. If babies can be cured of cancer, parents will eventually start demanding ways to modify their childs physical and mental abilities, like being able to be extremely athletic or smart. And with great abilities and medical advances come great prices. This will end up sorting society into more of an upper and lower class, the upper class consisting of extremely smart, healthy indivisuals, and the lower class consisting of the natural humans. It is almost as if life becomes a pay to win simulation. While the idea of being able to eliminate great risks, the idea of advanced science falling into the hands of a population so rooted in greed is dangerous. With this being said, my final thought is a question that I do not yet have the answer to, which is: If the science is developed to assist developing humans, why cant we cure those who are currently living? In the future, I hope genetic engineering and modificati on can only be done and used for good, and for all. Huxley shows a dramatic portrayal of a society gone wrong, and Earth is not far from this if we keep living in greed and ignorance.